Soil Nailing

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Soil Nailing

 

Design method of Soil Nailing system

One of the interventions to stabilize a slope is that of soil nailing.

The sizing of the steel bars (internal verification) is performed assuming attempt dimensions for them and verifying that:

 

The bars do not break due to tensile stress as a result of the imposed tensile stress;

The bars do not slip off the mortar due to insufficient adhesion;

The soil surrounding the bar does not break due to insufficient adhesion.

 

The safety factor (FS) is defined as:

 

SF = Available force / Force required

 

To estimate the maximum values ​​of resistance can be used the relations proposed in the literature by Hausmann 1992) and MGSL Ltd (2006).

 

Maximum allowable tensile strength of the steel bar:

 

Ta = (Φ · f y) · (d - 4)2 · π / 4

Eq ( 5.8)

 

where

Φ

= reduction factor of the stress established by the legislation

fy

= steel yield strength

d

= steel bar diameter

 

 

Maximum allowable force between steel and mortar:

[ β (fcu)1/2] · π · (d - 4) · Le / SF

Eq (5.9)

 

where

β

=0.5 for bars type 2 according to Australian standard (imposed by standard)

fcu

= compressive strength of concrete at 7 days

SF

= adopted safety factor (imposed by standard)

Le

= effective length of anchor

 

 

Maximum allowable force between the ground and mortar:

[(πDC' + 2D Kα σν' tanΦ)· Le] / SF

Eq (5.10)

 

 

where

D

= diameter of the hole in the ground

C’

= effective cohesion of soil

Kα

= coefficient of lateral pressure (α = angle of inclination) =

1 - (α/90) (1-Ko) = 1 - (α/90) (sinΦ)

σν'

= effective vertical stress of the soil calculated at the average depth of reinforcement

Φ

= friction angle of the soil.

 

Example of calculation

Design assumptions

For the critical section of the unstable slope shown in the figure are known the following design parameters:

 

soil nailing

 

Soil type

CDG (completely decomposed granite)

C '

5 kPa,

γ

20 kN/m3,

φ'

38°

D

0,1 m, diameter of the holes in the ground

α

15°, inclination angle of the bar

γw

9.81kN/m3, specific weight of water

 

 

 

Nailing

Bar length

(m)

Bar diameter

(mm)

Horizontal distance between bars

(m)

La

(m)

Le

(m)

Force per meter of width

(KN)

Force required

Tr

(kN)

E

8,0

25

2

4,70

3,30

8,00

16,00

D

8,0

25

2

4,20

3,80

15,00

30,00

C

8,0

25

2

3,70

4,30

20,00

40,00

B

12,0

32

2

3,80

8,20

50,00

100,00

A

12,0

32

2

2,30

9,70

55,00

110,00

Design data

 

The minimum safety factors required by the regulations are given in the table:

Failure mode

Minimum safety factor (normative)

Failure due to tensile stress of the steel bar

fmax=0,5 fy

Pullout between concrete and steel bar

3

Shear failure of adjacent soil

2

 

 

Tensile strength of the steel bar:

fy= 460 Mpa(steel yield strength);

Φ·fy= 0,5 fy= 230 Mpa  (maximum tensile stress of steel).

 

Maximum tensile strength of the steel bar

 Ta = (Φ · f y) · (d - 4)2 · π / 4

 

Nailing

Bar length

(m)

Bar dimeter

(mm)

Horizontal distance between bars

(m)

Force per meter of length

(KN)

Force required

(KN))

Maximum allowable tensile force

(KN))

Check

(Ta>Tr)

E

8,0

25

2,0

8,0

16,0

79,66

ok

D

8,0

25

2,0

15,0

30,0

79,66

ok

C

8,0

25

2,0

20,0

40,0

79,66

ok

B

12,0

32

2,0

50,0

100,0

141,62

ok

A

12,0

32

2,0

55,0

110,0

141,62

ok

Calculation table of the tensile strength of the steel bar

 

Pull-out between steel bar and concrete

fcu=32Mpa, cubic strength of mortar at 28 days,

b=0.5 for bars type 2 (deformable),

SF= 3, safety factor

 

Maximum allowable force between mortar and steel bar:

[ β (fcu)1/2] · π · (d - 4) · Le / SF

 

Le= effective length of the bar,

 

Nailing

Bar length

(m)

Bar diameter

(mm)

Horizontal distance between bars

(m)

Free length La

(m)

Effective length

(m)

Force for meter of length

(KN)

Required force

(KN)

Maximum  allowable

strength

(KN)

Check

(Tmax>Tr)

E

8,0

25

2,0

4,70

3,30

8,0

16,0

205,26

ok

D

8,0

25

2,0

4,20

3,80

15,0

30,0

236,36

ok

C

8,0

25

2,0

3,70

4,30

20,0

40,0

267,46

ok

B

12,0

32

2,0

3,80

8,20

50,0

100,0

680,06

ok

A

12,0

32

2,0

2,30

9,70

55,0

110,0

804,46

ok

Calculation table: Check to pull-out of steel bar from mortar

 

 

Lack of adhesion between mortar and ground

Tf= (πDC'+ 2DKασv' tanφ) × Le (Mobilized resistance between mortar and ground),

αK = 1 - (α / 90) (1-Kο) = 1 - (α / 90) (sinφ), inclination factor,
 

Completely decomposed granite (CDG) with Kα = 0.897

Tf = (πDC'+ 2DKασv'tanφ) × Le = (1.571 + 0.14σ'v) × Le= (1.571+ 0.140 σ'v)
 

Nailing

Resistant zone

 

Effective length in CDG layer (m)

Le

Depth of the midpoint of the effective length

Layer CDG

CDG

WATER

E

3,30

3,40

0,00

D

3,80

5,30

0,00

C

4,30

7,20

0,00

B

8,20

9,70

1,40

A

9,70

9,40

3,00

Calculation table: Geometrical characteristics of steel bars

 

Nailing

Effective vertical stress

s'v (kPa)

Resistance mobilized

Tf

(kN)

Total resistance mobilized

Tf

(kN)

Force required

Tr

(kN)

F.O.S.

Tf/Tr

Check

(F.O.S.)>2

CDG

CDG

E

68.00

36.65

36.65

16.00

2.29

OK

D

106.00

62.45

62.45

30.00

2.08

OK

C

144.00

93.58

93.58

40.00

2.34

OK

B

180.27

220.16

220.16

100.00

2.20

OK

A

158.57

230.92

230.92

110.00

2.10

OK

     Calculation table: Check for failure due to lack of adhesion between mortar and ground

 

 


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