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Approximate values of the tangential restitution coefficient (Rt) for the various morphological categories
MORPHOLOGY |
Rt |
---|---|
Bedrock |
0.87 |
Outcrops of rock debris |
0.85 |
Coarse debris not vegetated |
0.85 |
Average debris not vegetated |
0.83 |
Vegetated debris with shrubs |
0.70 |
Vegetated debris in forest |
0.60 |
Bare soil or lawn |
0.55 |
Paved surfaces |
0.90 |
Approximate values of the normal restitution coefficient (Rn) for the various morphological categories
MORPHOLOGY |
Rn |
---|---|
Bedrock |
0.40 |
Outcrops of rock debris |
0.38 |
Coarse debris non-vegetated |
0.35 |
Average debris not vegetated |
0.31 |
Vegetated debris with shrubs |
0.30 |
Vegetated debris in forest |
0.28 |
Bare soil or lawn |
0.25 |
Paved surfaces |
0.40 |
Approximate values of the unit weight in Kg/m3
Soil |
Minimum value |
Maximum value |
---|---|---|
Dry gravel |
1800 |
2000 |
Wet gravel |
1900 |
2100 |
Compact dry sand |
1700 |
2000 |
Compact wet sand |
1900 |
2100 |
Loose dry sand |
1500 |
1800 |
Loose wet sand |
1600 |
1900 |
Sandy clay |
1800 |
2200 |
Hard clay |
2000 |
2100 |
Semisolid clay |
1900 |
1950 |
Soft clay |
1800 |
1850 |
Peat |
1000 |
1100 |
Approximate values of the friction angle, in degrees, for soils
Soil |
Minimum value |
Maximum value |
---|---|---|
Compact gravel |
35 |
35 |
Loose gravel |
34 |
35 |
Compact sand |
35 |
45 |
Loose sand |
25 |
35 |
Sandy marl |
22 |
29 |
Fat marl |
16 |
22 |
Fat clay |
0 |
30 |
Sandy clay |
16 |
28 |
Silt |
20 |
27 |
Approximate values of cohesion in Kg/cm2
Soil |
Value |
---|---|
Sandy clay |
0.20 |
Soft clay |
0.10 |
Plastic clay |
0.25 |
Semisolid clay |
0.50 |
Solid clay |
1 |
Tenacious clay |
2÷10 |
Compact silt |
0.10 |
Approximate values of the elastic module, in Kg/cm2
Soil |
Maximum value of E |
Minimum value of E |
---|---|---|
Very soft clay |
153 |
20.4 |
Soft clay |
255 |
51 |
Medium clay |
510 |
153 |
Hard clay |
1020 |
510 |
Sandy clay |
2550 |
255 |
Loess |
612 |
153 |
Silty sand |
204 |
51 |
Loose sand |
255 |
102 |
Compact sand |
816 |
510 |
Clayey schist |
51000 |
1530 |
Silt |
204 |
20.4 |
Loose sand and gravel |
1530 |
510 |
Compact sand and gravel |
2040 |
1020 |
Approximate values of the Poisson ratio for soils
Soil |
Maximum value of n |
Minimum value of n |
---|---|---|
Saturated clay |
0.5 |
0.4 |
Not saturated clay |
0.3 |
0.1 |
Sandy clay |
0.3 |
0.2 |
Silt |
0.35 |
0.3 |
Sand |
1.0 |
-0.1 |
Gravelly sand commonly used |
0.4 |
0.3 |
Loess |
0.3 |
0.1 |
Ice |
0.36 |
|
Concrete |
0.15 |
Approximate values of specific weight for some rocks in Kg/m3
Rock |
Minimum value |
Maximum value |
---|---|---|
Pumice |
500 |
1100 |
Volcanic tuff |
1100 |
1750 |
Tufaceous limestone |
1120 |
2000 |
Coarse sand dry |
1400 |
1500 |
Fine dry sand |
1400 |
1600 |
Wet fine sand |
1900 |
2000 |
Sandstone |
1800 |
2700 |
Dry clay |
2000 |
2250 |
Soft limestone |
2000 |
2400 |
Travertine |
2200 |
2500 |
Dolomite |
2300 |
2850 |
Compact limestone |
2400 |
2700 |
Trachyte |
2400 |
2800 |
Porphyry |
2450 |
2700 |
Gneiss |
2500 |
2700 |
Serpentine |
2500 |
2750 |
Granite |
2550 |
2900 |
Marble |
2700 |
2750 |
Syenite |
2700 |
3000 |
Diorite |
2750 |
3000 |
Basalt |
2750 |
3100 |
|
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